NDDs and other neural disorders modeled so far/can be potentially modeled using region-specific brain organoids
| Region-specific organoid type | Neurodevelopment disorder modelled/Potential application | Modeled gene mutation/environmental condition | Patient specific (PS)/ Genetically modified (GM) |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cortical organoids | Microcephaly | PS | (68) | |
| Zika virus infection | - | (42, 71) | ||
| Microcephaly associated with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome | PS & GM | (72) | ||
| Lissencephaly | GM | (75) | ||
| Miller-Dieker Syndrome | 17p13.3 deletion | PS | (76) | |
| Rett syndrome | GM | (80) | ||
| Schizophrenia | PS | (46, 82) | ||
| Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) | Idiopathic | PS | (40) | |
| Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease | PS | (86) | ||
| Tuberous sclerosis complex | GM | (88) | ||
| Japanese encephalitis | JEV infection | - | (89) | |
| MGE organoids | Rett syndrome | GM | (80) | |
| Thalamus organoids | Potential to model epilepsy, ASD, schizophrenia and depression | |||
| Hypothalamus organoids |
Prader-Willi syndrome | 15q11.2-q13 deletion | PS | (55) |
| Pituitary organoids | Congenital pituitary hypoplasia | PS | (95) | |
| Cerebellum organoids | Medulloblastoma | Overexpression of mutant protein | (96) | |
| Potential to model spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), Dandy-Walker syndrome and Angelman syndrome | ||||
| Assembloids | Timothy syndrome (assembly of pallial and subpallial organoids) | PS | (45) | |
| Potential to model neuropsychiatric disorders | ||||
| Other neural disorders | ||||
| Cortical organoid | Alzheimer’s disease | APP duplication |
PS | (101) |
| PS | (102) | |||
| Hippocampus | Potential to model cognitive dysfunctions due to Alzheimer’s disease | |||
| Midbrain | Parkinson’s Disease | GM | (103, 104) | |