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Literature overview of MSC immunomodulatory properties regulated by biomechanical forces
| Biomechanical force | MSC origin | Bioreactor | Immunomodulation | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shear stress | Human | Microfluidics devices | Upregulated anti-inflammatory mediators (COX-2, HO-1, PGE2) and downregulated TNF-α through Ca2+, Akt, MAPK, FAK signaling | (16) |
| Human | Spinner vessels | Upregulated IL-6 | (17) | |
| Human | Spinner flask | Suppressed T cell proliferation | (18) | |
| Rat | ALN-reactor | Inhibited inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IFN-γ) and induced other cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-12) | (19) | |
| Tensile stress | Human | PDMS-based custom-made device | Upregulated inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α) | (23) |
| Human | Flexercell FX-4000TM strain unit | Upregulated pro-inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-8) | (24) | |
| Human | Custom-made pressure chamber | Upregulated Piezo1 and osteogenic maker genes expression through ERK, p38 signaling | (30) | |
| Mouse | Flexcell Fx-4000T tension unit | TNF-α endocytosis-derived MSC homeostasis | (32) | |
| HP | Human | Custom pressure bioreactor | Upregulated COX-2, depending on HP magnitude and frequency | (31) |
MSC: mesenchymal stromal cell, COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2, HO-1: heme oxygenase-1, PGE2: prostaglandin E2, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha, MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase, FAK: focal adhesion kinase, ALN: artificial lymph node, IFN-γ: interferon-gamma, IL-1: interleukin-1, PDMS: polydimethylsiloxane, IL-6: interleukin-6, IL-8: interleukin-8, IL-12: interleukin-12, Piezo1: Piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1, ERK: extracellular-regulated kinase, HP: hydrostatic pressure.