Table. 1.

A summary of characteristics of 2D and 3D culture models

2D (mono-layer) 3D organoid 3D bioprinting Reference
Mimicry of native tissue structure Low Intermediate High (3)
Maturity Low Intermediate High (4)
Cell-ECM interaction 2D 3D Controlled 3D (5)
Cell-cell interaction 2D 3D Controlled 3D (6)
Throughput ∼102 ∼102 >103 (7)

ECM: extracellular matrix.

International Journal of Stem Cells 2024;17:38-50 https://doi.org/10.15283/ijsc23146
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