Biomechanical and biochemical characterization of tissues for induced pluripotent stem cell bioink design
| Biochemical | Biomechanical | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extracellular matrix (ECM) component | Soluble factor | Stiffness (elastic modulus) (kPa) (88, 89) | |||
| Brain |
Proteoglycans (aggrecan, brevican, versican, neurocan, phosphacan, syndecan, glypican, agrin) Glycoproteins (link protein, tenascin-R, collagens, fibronectin, laminin, nidogen) Glycosaminoglycan (hyaluronic acid) |
Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Nerve growth factor (NGF) Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) |
0.5∼3 | (90-92) | |
| Liver |
Glycoproteins (collagen, laminin, fibronectin, tenascin, nidogen) Proteoglycans (heparan, dermatan, chondroitin sulphate, perlecan, biglycan, decorin) Glycosaminoglycan (hyaluronic acid) |
PDGF FGF VEGF Endothelin-1 (ET-1) EGF Insulin growth factor Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) |
5∼10 | (93, 94) | |
| Lung |
Glycoproteins (collagen, fibronectin, laminin, elastin) Proteoglycans (chondroitin sulphate) Glycosaminoglycan |
FGF Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) |
0.5∼15 | (95, 96) | |
| Heart |
Glycoproteins (collagen, laminin, fibronectin, elastin) Proteoglycans (chondroitin sulphate, versican) Glycosaminoglycan |
FGF VEGF EGF Tissue growth factors (TGFs) |
10∼15 | (97, 98) | |
| Skin |
Glycoproteins (collagen, elastin, fibronectin, laminin) Proteoglycans (heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate) Glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin, dermatan, heparin), keratin |
EGF Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) VEGF PDGF Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) |
60∼850 | (99, 100) | |
| Bone |
Glycoprotein (collagen type-1) Carbonated apatite |
VEGF Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP2, BMP7) |
15,000∼20,000 | (101) | |
PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor, FGF: fibroblast growth factor, VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor, EGF: epidermal growth factor.