Origin and isolation techniques of exosomes
| Exosome cell type/origin | Exosome isolation procedure | Method (advantages/disadvantages) | Effects/characteristics | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMSC-EXOs | Ultracentrifugation (100,000 |
Gold standard method for exosome isolation/time-consuming and requires expensive equipment | Repair mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in degenerative cartilage supplemented with mitochondrial proteins | (10) |
| Chondrocytes | Ultracentrifugation (100,000 |
Induce chondrocyte proliferation and migration, enhance matrix synthesis. Regulation of macrophage | (13) | |
| UMSC | Ultracentrifugation (110,000 |
Promote chondral damage repair by upregulating lncRNA H19 in response to mechanical stimulation | (14) | |
| BMSC-EXOs | Ultracentrifugation (100,000 |
Regulate the equilibrium by aiding the healing of IL-1β-damaged chondrocytes | (29) | |
| Human-WJMSC | Size exclusion chromatography | High specificity and purity of exosome population/ low yield of exosomes | Transmit particular miRNAs that preserve cartilage homeostasis by stimulating chondrocyte proliferation, migration, catabolic activity, and M2 infiltration | (12) |
| Human embryonic stem cells E1-MYC 16.3 | Tangential flow filtration | Separates exosomes by size and density/time-consuming and requires expensive equipment | Protect the OA joint from damage by promoting cartilage repair, inhibitingsynovitis, and mediating subchondral bone remodeling | (15) |
BMSC-EXOs: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes, UMSC: umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cell, WJMSC: Wharton jelly derived mesenchymal stem cell, lncRNA: long noncoding RNA, IL: interleukin, OA: osteoarthritis.